• Census measurement and adjustment: methods to correct undercounts, test post-enumeration surveys, and produce credible population estimates that inform policy debates about the nation's size [2], [7], [4], [1], [10].

• Household formation and coresidence: tracing how minimal household units and evolving family structures shape who lives together, how households are formed, and how these coresidential arrangements influence consumption and resource sharing [6], [8], [12], [16], [18].

• Intra-household economics and poverty within the household: examining how income, spending, and living standards are allocated across family members, using equivalence scales and poverty thresholds to assess living conditions [16], [18], [9], [12].

• Cross-national measurement and survey design: evaluating fertility surveys and family studies to enable comparability across countries and time, including the World Fertility Survey, China’s fertility data, and NSFH design [3], [15], [17].